Around 10,000 Scots died. Somerset’s army occupied a few Scottish castles, but then it withdrew back to England. It was a catastrophic defeat for Scotland, where it became known as "Black Saturday". [32], David H. Caldwell has written, "English estimates put the slaughter as high as 15,000 Scots killed and 2,000 taken but the Earl of Huntly's figure of 6,000 dead is probably nearer the truth. When Sadler's account was audited in December 1547, Sadler was found to owe Edward VI £546-13s–11d which he duly returned. It held the Scots in place while Somerset moved his artillery to close range. Closely packed together, the Scottish infantry were very vulnerable to ranged attacks, particularly from artillery. Mary never married Edward. Cuthbert Hamilton of Canir, brother-in-law of David Hamilton of Broomhill. [14] Far to the west, a diversionary English invasion of 5000 men was led by Thomas Wharton and the Scottish dissident Earl of Lennox. He had heard that on the day of the battle, when the English army encountered the Scottish formation, the Scots advance horsemen dismounted and crossed their lances, which they used like pikes standing in close formation. While the Scots had plenty of artillery guns, these weapons were not as mobile as those of their English counterparts nor were the Scottish gun crews as well trained. The river ran all red with blood, so that in the same chase were counted, as well by some of our men that somewhat diligently did mark it as by some of them taken prisoners, that very much did lament it, to have been slain about 14 thousand. Caldwell, David H., 'The Battle of Pinkie,' in Macdougall, Norman, ed.. Phillips, Gervase, 'In the Shadow of Flodden: Tactics, Technology and Scottish Military Effectiveness, 1513-1550'. Henry’s proposal involved the marriage of his son, Prince Edward to the young Scottish Queen Mary. Such re-enactments are intended to continue on a triennial cycle. Georges Bizet, composer, best known for his opera Carmen. The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, part of a war between Scotland and England known as the “Rough Wooing”, is considered one of the largest battles ever fought on Scottish soil. After Henry’s death, the lord protector of9-year-old King Edward VI, the Earl of Somerset, resumed the marriage demand with a major invasion of Scotland, sending 10,800infantry, 6,000 cavalry, 1,400 pioneers and 80cannon. Starting with a force of Highlanders, the Scots advanced through heavy rain across the Esk. Arran may have seen movement in the English lines and assumed that the English were trying to retreat to their ships. Peace talks that afternoon led to nothing, as the two sides had such opposing aims. The terms of the truce had bound the infant Queen Mary of Scotland to marry King Edward VI of England, himself only nine years old. [33][34], William Patten described the English officers of the Ordnance after the battle retrieving 30 of the Scottish guns, which were left lying in sundry places, on Sunday 11 September. Soldiers' wages were £26,299-7s–1d. Van der Delft wrote to the Queen Dowager, Mary of Hungary, with his version on 19 September 1547. However, they eventually won the war (due in part to the intervention of the French, honoring the “Auld Alliance” between the two nations). We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the world’s hidden wonders. Gamboa led his mounted arquebusiers forward to fire at close range and then wheel their horses and race away in an effective new battle tactic being developed by armies on the Continent. [8], On the other flank, Somerset threw in his cavalry to delay the Scots' advance. The Earl of Home commanded 2,500 mostly inexperienced and untrained light cavalrymen, while Arran, the Earl of Angus and the Earl of Huntley each commanded one of the three Scottish infantry divisions, composed mostly of pikemen and some archers. They found one brass culverin, 3 brass sakers, 9 smaller brass pieces, and 17 other iron guns mounted on carriages. [11] Otterburn may have seen the leather horse armour designed and made by the workshop of the Italian artist Nicholas Bellin of Modena at Greenwich. No purchase necessary. Nicole, German singer, won 1982 Errovision Song Contest singing "Ein biBchen Frieden" ("A Little Peace"); the English version reached No. This action cost Arran most of his cavalry. Henry VIII had taken steps towards creating standing naval and land forces which formed the nucleus of the fleet and army that gave Somerset the victory. Arran also had large numbers of guns, but these were apparently not as mobile or as well-served as Somerset's. When King Henry VIII of England died in January 1547, he left an uneasy truce with the Scots. The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, sometimes known as the Battle of Pinkie, took place on 10 September 1547 on the banks of the River Esk near Musselburgh, Scotland.The last pitched battle between Scottish and English armies, it was part of the conflict known as the Rough Wooing, and is considered to be the first modern battle in the British Isles. "[4], William Patten names a number of high-ranking casualties. Battle of Pinkie 10th Septmber 1547. The main action began on 10th September 1547 with a charge by the English cavalry which was driven off by the Scottish pikemen. However, Somerset also had several hundred German mercenary arquebusiers, a large and well-appointed artillery train, and 6,000 cavalry, including a contingent of Italian mounted arquebusiers under Don Pedro de Gamboa. Burke, Bernard (1862). [1], Arran occupied the slopes on the west bank of the River Esk to bar Somerset's progress. The Battle of Pinkie, also known as the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh,[5] took place on 10 September 1547 on the banks of the River Esk near Musselburgh, Scotland. Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. Arran knew himself to be outmatched in artillery and therefore tried to force close combat before the English artillery could deploy. There was a newly painted banner, and ahead a boy played on the "swesche", a drum used to alert people. The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, on the banks of the River Esk near Musselburgh, Scotland on 10 September 1547, was part of the conflict known as the Rough Wooing.It was the last pitched battle between Scottish and English armies, and is seen as the first modern battle in the British Isles.It was a catastrophic defeat for Scotland, and became known there as Black Saturday. Protocol Book of Henry Prestoun, entry 44. England and Scotland went to war over a reluctant bride. Fa'side Castle above the village of Wallyford was just behind the English position, and with the aid of binoculars a visitor can get a good view of the battle area, though the Scottish position is now obscured by buildings. Yet when Somerset threw his cavalry against the Scottish flank, the pikemen formed into a defensive “hedgehog” formation from which they impaled the attacking English cavalrymen. Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. Secondly, the sight of invading English troops enraged the Scottish soldiers, making it nearly impossible to hold them back. Fa'side Castle above the village of Wallyford was just behind the English position, and with the aid of binoculars a visitor can get a good view of the battle area, though the Scottish position is now obscured by buildings. Somerset occupied several Scottish strongholds and large parts of the Lowlands and Borders but, without peace, these garrisons became a useless drain on the Treasury. The names of a number of other Scottish casualties are known from legal records or the Scottish chronicles,[36] and include; Coordinates: 55°55′59″N 3°01′23″W / 55.933°N 3.023°W / 55.933; -3.023 (Battle of Pinkie), The Imperial ambassador's accounts of the battle, The fitted account of the English Treasurer General of the Army, Patten, 'The Expedicion into Scotlande', printed in, Patten, (1548), unfoliated, (other English names not immediately recognisable), People of the American Civil War by state, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland, Alexander Livingston, 5th Lord Livingston, http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/battlefields/battlefieldsunderconsideration.htm. And for the smallness of our number and the shortness of the time (which was scant five hours, from one to well nigh six) the mortality was so great, as it was thought, the like aforetime not to have been seen. [8] In response Arran moved his army across the Esk by the "Roman bridge", and advanced rapidly to meet him. [9] The cavalry were commanded by Lord Grey of Wilton, as High Marshal of the Army, and the infantry by the Earl of Warwick, Lord Dacre of Gillesland, and Somerset himself. [28] Marcus Merriman sees the initial Scottish field encampment as the most sophisticated ever erected in Scotland, let down by their cavalry numbers. On September 10, 1547, the national armies of England and Scotland fought in a pitched battle at Pinkie Cleugh. Atlas Obscura and our trusted partners use technology such as cookies on our website to personalise ads, support social media features, and analyse our traffic. One request was for Somerset and Arran to settle the dispute by single combat. Once the enemy were completely off balance, he attacked with his cavalry once more. Firstly, the English were advancing towards Inveresk Hill, which would give their artillery a perfect position to bombard the Scots. In doing so, they gave up their strong positions and were forced to face an army that, while smaller, had more artillery, more cavalry, and more freedom to organize itself before they clashed. One request was for Somerset and Arran to settle the dispute by single combat. In all which space, the dead bodies lay as thick as a man may note cattle grazing in a full replenished pasture. He found that Arran had moved his army across the Esk by the 'Roman bridge', and was advancing rapidly to meet him. The Englishmen he names were horsemen forced onto Scottish pikes in a ploughed field to the east of the English position, after they had crossed a slough towards the Scottish position on Falside Brae.[43]. The stone is carved with St. Andrew's Cross, the English rose and Scottish thistle and the name and date of the battle. As the Scots crossed the river, the ground narrowed, forcing the pike divisions to crowd together in a packed mass. [8], On the morning of Saturday, 10 September, Somerset advanced his army, seeking to position his artillery at Inveresk. 5621230. James Allardice, who fell under the royal banner. In an outdated chivalric gesture, the Earl of Home led 1,500 horsemen close to the English encampment and challenged an equal number of English cavalry to fight. On September 8, the English reached high ground overlooking flat land east of the River Esk. With Somerset's reluctant approval, Lord Grey accepted the challenge and engaged the Scots with 1,000 heavily armoured men-at-arms and 500 lighter demi-lancers. Kings and Queens of Scotland from 1005 to the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when James VI succeeded to the throne of England. [12] According to Huntly, the Scottish army numbered 22,000 or 23,000 men, while an English source claimed that it comprised 36,000. On 8 September they took Castlemilk in Annandale and burnt Annan after a bitter struggle to capture its fortified church. Though the combination of bill and longbow which England used was old, it could still hold its own against the pike and arquebus tactics used in Continental armies at this stage in the development of firearms. The English cavalry was at a disadvantage, as they had left their horses' body armour at the camp. [22], The Imperial ambassador François van der Delft went to the court of Edward VI at Oatlands Palace to hear the news of the battle from William Paget. This former school is now abandoned and a canvas for graffiti artists. [21] Marcus Merriman sees the initial Scottish field encampment as the most sophisticated ever erected in Scotland, let down by their cavalry numbers. All rights reserved. Isolated since his break from Rome and Catholic Europe, Henry VIII sought to secure his northern borders though an alliance with Scotland. Ruthless, arrogant, passionate….
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